Drinking water, sanitation and hygiene in ethiopia we. The ethiopia socioeconomic surveys water quality test module esswqt had two goals. This ethiopian standard has been prepared under the direction of the technical committee for water quality tc 78 and published by the ethiopian standards agency esa. Quality and standards authority of ethiopia qsae publication date 2001 usage cc0 1. Parameters of water quality interpretation and standards published by the environmental protection agency, ireland. Access to improved drinking water is particularly lacking in ethiopias rural subsector with coverage levels estimated to be less than the 31 percen inoperable equipment and poor maintenance budgets. Physicochemical quality of drinking water sources in ethiopia and its health impact. Lecturer, school of civil engineering, hawassa university, ethiopia. The who 2000 revealed that seventy five percent of all diseases in developing countries arise from polluted drinking water.
Manual of basic techniques for a health laboratory. Worldwide, more people are dying from poor quality of water. Intermon oxfam has been working in ethiopia since 1989 in a number of fields and geographical areas, and one of its main objectives is to make drinking water available to the population. Pdf physicochemical quality of drinking water sources in.
The national drinking water quality monitoring and surveillance strategy implementation requires 21,830,622usd. I decided to use who and unicef, october, 2012 manual listed above, for rural. Ethiopias 81 million people experience one of africas lowest rates of access to water supply and sanitation wss, despite fairly abundant surface and groundwater resources. Drinking water quality assessment and its effects on residents health in wondo genet campus, ethiopia yirdaw meride and bamlaku ayenew abstract background. Those uses specified in tribal or state water quality standards regulations for each water body or segment, whether or not they are being attained. Assessment of drinking water quality and its impact on. The mean turbidity value obtained for wondo genet campus is 0.
The daily drinking water consumption for the 10 kg child and 70 kg adult are assumed to be 1 lday and 2 lday, respectively. Drinking water quality assessment and its effects on. These standards support efforts to achieve and maintain protective water quality conditions 1416. In terms of european water directives and who guidelines, 86% of all wells yield water that fails to pass the quality standards set for drinking water. However, tap water samples were often found to have degraded water quality for the physical and chemical parameters tested. Little is known about the microbiological and physicochemical quality of drinking water in north gondar zone. Several studies carried out in ethiopia on the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water from various sources showed that water sources were contaminated with pollution indicators such as faecal and total coliforms 4, 815. Drinking water quality in the ethiopian section of the. The environmental protection agency cannot accept any responsibility. The most problematic element is fluoride f, for which 33% of all samples returned values above 1. Bacteriological and physicochemical quality of drinking. Pdf physicochemical analysis of drinking water quality. Ethiopian drinking water quality standard 20 cmp cowash.
National drinking water quality monitoring and surveillance strategy may. The oromiya and southern nations, nationalities and peoples regions cover the central and southwestern parts of ethiopia. Assessing the microbiological and physicochemical quality of drinking water sources is important to protect public health. The oneday and tenday has are for a 10 kg child and the lifetime ha is for a 70 kg adult. Who and ethiopian drinking water guidelines require the absence of total coliform in public drinking water supplies. Safe drinking water is a basic need for good health, and it is also a basic right of humans. Physicochemical quality of drinking water sources in.
Tap water quality and access to clean drinking water varies from region to region. Guidelines for drinkingwater quality world health organization. Despite the truth that every human on this planet needs drinking water to survive and that water may contain many harmful constituents, there are no universally recognized and accepted international standards for drinking water. The quality of water is more important compared to quantity in any water supply planning, especially for drinking purposes. Their results have compared with different national and international water quality standards such as epa, usepa, and who. The poor quality of drinking water leads to water related diseases. The aim of this study was to analysis drinking water quality and its effect on communities residents of wondo genet. Scope this national standard specifies the sanitary requirements for drinking water quality, drinking water source quality, central water supply organization, secondary water supply and health and safetyrelated products, together with the water quality monitoring methods and water examination methods. The storage of data could be done using manual and computerized technologies. Water is connected to every forms of life on earth. Physicochemical analysis of drinking water quality of. The quality of water consumed in households was also tested in the assessment in order to analyse the deterioration of water quality in distribution and storage and to indicate the scale of postsource changes or contamination. Promotion of the participation of all stakeholders, user communities. As a criteria, an adequate, reliable, clean, accessible, acceptable and safe drinking water supply has to be available for various users.
The safety of the drinking water at your destination depends on contextspecific factors such as the local supply and distribution system as well as the monitoring and enforcement of water quality standards. This compulsory ethiopian standard cancels and replaces es 261. Annex 3 deleted in first addendum to third edition. In this study drinking water samples were collected from three sites of arbaminch town and have been analyzed for some physicochemical parameters like ph, electrical conductivity ec, total dissolved solids tds, total suspended solids tss, total solids ts, total alkalinity ta, total hardness th, chloride cl and fluoride f.
The amount of drinking water required to maintain good health varies, and depends on physical activity level, age, healthrelated issues, and environmental conditions. Guidance on sampling of drinking water and water used for food and beverage processing. The lack of access to water also limits sanitation and hygiene practices. The strategy is intended to be used by policy makers, programme implementers, planners, partners, research. The water collected from the source complied with the ethiopian who drinking water quality standards. Rapid assessment of drinkingwater quality in the federal democratic republic of ethiopia. Cleanup of contaminated groundwater is cumbersome and costly 15. Ethiopian standard for drinking water specification ces.
Even where standards do exist, and are applied, the permitted concentration of. However, because of rapid urbanization, industrialization, old agricultural practice, over uses of chemicals, etc. Application of this standard is compulsory with respect to clauses 4. In 2015 we began piloting lending for water and sanitation with microfinance institutions. For instance, in west bengal india and some areas of bangladesh, groundwater is contaminated with arsenic at levels as much as 70 times higher than the national drinking water standard of 0. These indicate that waterquality problems are rampant in waterdelivery systems of the country. Plain language a concise statement of management objectives and expectations for each of the individual surface waters under tribal or state jurisdiction. The ethiopian standards agency esa is the national standards body of ethiopia establishedin 2010 based on regulation no. The purpose of this water quality assurance plan wqap is, therefore, to outline the requirements to the contractors to assure proper water quality testing, analysis, and recommendations. Pdf assessment of microbiological and physicochemical. Unicef programme division is pleased to present the water handbook part of the guidelines series on water, environment and sanitation. Drinking water, also known as potable water, is water that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation. Improving water quality and sanitation in rural namibian. Drinking water quality standards describes the quality parameters set for drinking water.
The result showed that ph, ec, tds, tss, ts, ta, th. In drawing up national standards for drinkingwater quality, it will be necessary to take. We call on all countries to set realistic targets, develop achievable action plans, and. Drinking water standards and health advisories dwsha tables.
This retrospective study was aimed to examine the distribution of some physicochemical parameters. Although every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the material contained in this publication complete accuracy cannot be guaranteed. More intensive, effective and concerted action by all stakeholders is needed if the mdg drinking water and sanitation target is to be met in this region. Assessment of bacteriological and physicochemical quality. To ensure access to safe drinking water, the compulsory. Water quality the final classification for the water on each farm was categorized by chemical and bacteriological quality. Americans, on average, drink one litre of water per day and 95% drink less than three litres per day. Similarly, a rapid assessment of drinking water quality in ethiopia showed that the nitrate and fluoride concentration of more than 30% of water sources exceeded the who drinking water quality standards 14.
Bacteriological and physicochemical quality of drinking water and hygienesanitation practices of the consumers in bahir dar city, ethiopia milkiyas tabor, 1 mulugeta kibret, 2 and bayeh abera 3 1 amhara region technical and vocational bureau, p. Ces 58 compulsory ethiopian standard humanitarian response. The figures and diagrams were created by kelly hodgson. During the dry season more traditional sources of water are placed under pressure as shallow wells or other perennial sources dryup. Esa is established due to the restructuring of quality and standards authority of ethiopia qsae which was established in 1998. Water quality standards are the foundation for the quality based control program and required for the treatment process. The water quality measured in samples collected from the source ltp and household taps in addis ababa was found to vary considerably. Drinking water quality assessment and its effects on residents. Groundwater quality in an upland agricultural watershed in.
Pdf assessment of the quality of drinking water supply, and the. International standards for drinkingwater was first published by who in 1958 as an aid to the improvement of water quality and treatment. Annex 2 contributors to the development of the third edition of the. Despite this low coverage, ethiopia has one the highest rates of increasing access to drinking water, with an overall increase of. The water handbook is the result of wide collaboration within unicef, and provides a broad overview of stateoftheart programming. Of eight farms tested, two had acceptable water, four had water of low health risk, and two had water unfit for human consumption. The effect of distribution systems on household drinking.